@article{fichtinger2012g,

title = {An objective and automated method for assessing surgical skill in endoscopic sinus surgery using eye‐tracking and tool‐motion data},

author = {Narges Ahmidi and Masaru Ishii and Gabor Fichtinger and Gary L Gallia and Gregory D Hager},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/alr.21053},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {International forum of allergy & rhinology},

volume = {2},

issue = {6},

pages = {507-515},

publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company},

abstract = {Background 

Assessment of surgical skill plays a crucial role in determining competency, monitoring educational programs, and providing trainee feedback. With the changing health care environment, it will likely play an important role in credentialing and maintenance of certification. The ideal skill assessment tool should be unbiased, objective, and accurate. We hypothesize that tool‐motion data—how a surgeon moves his/her instruments—and eye‐gaze data—what a surgeon looks at when he/she operates—contain sufficient information to quantitatively and objectively evaluate surgical skill. We investigate this hypothesis by developing a statistical model of surgery and testing the model experimentally in the context of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). 

Methods 

A total of 378 trials were recorded from 7 expert and 13 novice surgeons while they were performing a series of 9 different ESS tasks. Data was …},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{fichtinger2010c,

title = {Surgical task and skill classification from eye tracking and tool motion in minimally invasive surgery},

author = {Narges Ahmidi and Gregory D Hager and Lisa Ishii and Gabor Fichtinger and Gary L Gallia and Masaru Ishii},

url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-15711-0_37},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

pages = {295-302},

publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},

abstract = {In the context of minimally invasive surgery, clinical risks are highly associated with surgeons’ skill in manipulating surgical tools and their knowledge of the closed anatomy. A quantitative surgical skill assessment can reduce faulty procedures and prevent some surgical risks. In this paper focusing on sinus surgery, we present two methods to identify both skill level and task type by recording motion data of surgical tools as well as the surgeon’s eye gaze location on the screen. We generate a total of 14 discrete Hidden Markov Models for seven surgical tasks at both expert and novice levels using a repeated k-fold evaluation method. The dataset contains 95 expert and 139 novice trials of surgery over a cadaver. The results reveal two insights: eye-gaze data contains skill related structures; and adding this info to the surgical tool motion data improves skill assessment by 13.2% and 5.3% for expert and …},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}